[PBSG] Captain Hideki Hayashi Explains “Collateral Damage” (13/07/2013)

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 Captain. Hideki Hayashi,
  International Peace Cooperation Center,
  Joint Staff College, Ministry of Defense

 At the fourth seminar of peacebuilding research group, Captain Hideki Hayashi of the Ministry of Defense explained the nature of “collateral damage” and how it happens by citing three examples. When the Nation State exercises its state military based on its sovereign right to “use of Force” , the aforementioned “use of Force” “jus in bello” shall be applied and covered by the “Law of war”; such as “law of Armed conflicts”, “rules of war” and “international humanitarian laws”.

 In such case, it is stipulated that the State military shall not target the civilians and the State military shall not utilize the military power against the civilians. Needless to say, the International Humanitarian Laws stipulate that all civilians have to be protected from the damages caused by war except the harms which collaterally happens when the State military targets the armed units or other military targets.

 To secure the protection of civilians, it is inevitably necessary to clearly distinguish the combatants and civilians based on their respective requirements for their status. In other words, before the cold war, the several rules which stipulates the war time laws, it was very clear who was qualified to implement the military actions and who was not qualified to implement the military actions.

 However, after the end of the cold war, the forms of armed conflicts have been shifted from the old traditional clear type which was one sovereign nation state versus to one sovereign nation state toward the new types armed conflicts such as ethnic wars, civil wars and terrorism. Further to this, the violence rooting from the economic disparity between rich and poor and crimes arise the actual spot.

 The above-mentioned forms of armed conflict explicit those persons who are not satisfying the necessary requirements to be recognized as combatants are in fact exercising the military actions. In addition to this, the main problems with regard to this, those persons who are not entitled as combatants do not abide by the International Humanitarian Laws as “jus in bello” or in other words, they are actually infringing the rules of how to fight against each others.

 As a consequence, in consideration of the complicated modern types of wars which several factors have meshed and collated, firstly, civilians are currently exposed themselves in the situations in which they will become the subjects of collateral damage caused by the military actions interpreted in the context of old type wars. Secondly, in addition to this aforementioned risk, civilians cannot avoid to become the subjects of the targets by the persons who are not entitled as legal combatants. Thirdly, furthermore, civilians are in the situation which might receive damage collaterally by the use of weapons based on the “Protection of Civilians” in the United Nations mandates. In conclusions, aforementioned three points and reasons, civilians are currently obliged to live in the circumstances whenever they might be subjects of triple collateral damages.

 Following Mr. Hayashi’s presentation, comments were made by Dr. Katsumi Ishizuka, Professor of International Business Management at Kyoei University, and Ms. Chika Saito, Manager of the Consulting Department at System Science Consultants Inc. Professor Ishizuka’s comments included discussions over the need for those parties wanting to contribute within PKO activities to have proper preparation beforehand. Ms Saito, shared a broad range of observations and thoughts and commented that by using the word “Collateral Damage”, “false legitimacy” was created to justify “Intentional” Collateral Damage. It meant the use of force beyond “legitimate self-defense based on convincing evidence” and without intense effort to minimize its effects on civilians.

 The other participants then raised questions and made comments. Mr. Ken Inoue, who worked on governance in East Timor previously with the United Nations mission, commented that from his perspective the current trend in conflicts as internal affairs have begun to create an overlap in the role of military and police. Mr. Hayashi stated that this should not be the case as policing was not a duty prescribed to military personnel. Mr. Tetsuya Aoki of Oriental Consultants shared the perspective of consultants, speaking of the risk and uncertainty that comes with changing security situations, citing Afghanistan as an example of where security worsened after initially improving. Ms. Ai Kihara-Hunt a post-doctorate researcher at the University of Essex and former staff of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights office asked for further clarification on the role of peacekeepers in protecting civilians, to which Mr. Hayashi cited such considerations as the protection of civilians from illegal activities does not fall into a peacekeeper’s duties, but is the responsibility of the local police. Ms. Kaoru Nemoto of former staff of UNHCR asked on the stance of PKO missions on paying compensation in the event of collateral damage taking non-combatant lives. Mr. Hayashi stated that compensation is paid if the circumstances meet proscribed criteria. Mr. Jason Pratt, a graduate student of Hosei University and an officer at the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, commented on the difficulty of rooting out collateral damage as there are groups that actively seek to use civilians as shields and not pursuing such individuals is a risk unto itself. The final comments from the audience came from Mr. Onoda, a lawyer, who stated that the legal issues surrounding collateral damage have become much more difficult to sort out with the changes in modern warfare. Final closing remarks then were made by Professor Hasegawa who discussed the need to consider the implications of collateral damage in terms of three key factors: intentionality, legality, and legitimacy.

(Jason Pratt and Asami Ikeda)

*You can read the minute of this seminar in Japanese here.

This article has 1 Comment

  1. As I made comments in Japanese for the organizer, presenters and participants, I am posting them in Japanese. In time I can also post them in English.

    1.「コラテラル・ダメージ」という言葉が、国際人道法上の「コラテラル・ダメージ」と、もっと広義の、例えばアメリカが対テロ戦争を正当化する際などに使う「コラテラル・ダメージ」とを分けて議論したほうが分かりやすい。

    2. 国際人道法が適用されるには、armed conflict(武力紛争)が存在しなければならない。武力紛争が存在するためには、一定の条件があり、単に暴徒と化した民衆が他の民衆の家々を焼き討ちしたとしても、武力紛争にはならないので、人道法は適用されない。

    3. 国際人道法上、紛争の当事者(国の軍隊または一定の条件を満たすarmed groups)は、combatants(戦闘員)とmilitary objective(軍事目標)のみ攻撃できる。無差別攻撃は禁止されている。また、紛争の当事者は、戦闘員と文民、軍事目標と民用物を識別すべく、最大限の努力をしなければいけない。不確かな場合は、これを攻撃できない。
    *Combatantでない者はCivilian(文民)であり、military objectiveでないものは civilian object(民用物)である。どちらでもないものはなく、どちらにも属するものもない。

    4.国際人道法上、紛争の当事者は、直接的・具体的な軍事的な利益と比べて過度に巻き添えによる文民の死亡・傷害、民用物の破壊を引き起こすことが予測される攻撃をしてはいけない。「コラテラル・ダメージ」というのは、この規則において、文民・民用物が巻き添えとして許されると考えられる範囲にある場合の、文民・民用物への損害のことを言う。

    5. 国連は国際法の当事者にはなれないため、人道法が法的拘束力を持って国連に直接適用されることはない。(これは軍隊を派遣している国に人道法が適用されるか、というのとは別問題。)言い換えれば、国連のPKOに参加する軍の行為について、国連が直接的に人道法を破ることはできない。国連のマンデート、また、Secretary-General’s Bulletin(国連の内部法)によって国連が言っているのは、あくまで国際人道法の’principles and spirit’「原則と精神」に法って参加国の軍隊が行動すること、である。これを参加国の軍隊が破ることはできるが、その場合は国連の内部法への違反である。

    6.国連のPKOの参加国の軍隊は、例外的なコンゴ(DRC)のような場合を除いて、人道法の適用いかんが問われるような事態に参加したことはない。PKOの根源が、国連は紛争の当事者にならない、というものであり、これが守られているからである。どこかの群集が暴徒化して民家を焼き討ちし、そこにPKOの軍隊が駆り出されたという場合、人道法は関係なく、よって「コラテラル・ダメージ」も関係ない。
    *ただし、今年に入ってからコンゴでIntervention Brigadeを設立したことにより、ここは疑問が出てきた。

    7.国連警察(UNPOL)に国際人道法が直接適用されるような事態は今までにない。PKOでUNPOLが入っていて、どこかでデモがあって民衆が暴徒化したというような場合は、これはLaw Enforcementの話であって、人道法は関係ない。従って、UNPOLが暴徒なり家の焼き討ちなりに対処するために駆り出されたとしても、人道法は関係なく、「コラテラル・ダメージ」とも関係ない。

    8. 人道法が適用されない場合でも、人権法は適用されるし、もちろん当該国の刑法がある。

    9.以上から、例えば武力紛争で病院が攻撃されてなくなってしまい(ここは人道法違反)、そのために医者にかかれない文民が死ぬ、というようなことは、「コラテラル・ダメージ」とは関係ない話である。

    10.米軍占領下のイラクで、チェックポイントで止まらない車を狙撃するかどうか、という話の場合は、人道法の中でも「占領」の人道法が当てはまり、交戦中の人道法とは違う。

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